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Home / How to Do Easy Unit Conversions in Energy

How to Do Easy Unit Conversions in Energy

Energy is by and large divers as the potential to do work or produce heat. This definition causes the SI unit of measurement for free energy to be the same as the unit of work – the joule (J). Joule is a derived unit of measurement of free energy, and it is named in honor of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In more than fundamental terms, 1 joule is equal to:

1 J = 1 kg.m2/s2

Since energy is a fundamental physical quantity and is used in various physical and applied science branches, there are many energy units in physics and engineering. These units are summarized in the post-obit points:

Joule (unit of measurement: J)

Joule (unit of measurement: J). Joule is a derived unit of energy. It is equal to the energy transferred to an object when a forcefulness of ane newton acts on that object in the direction of its motion through a distance of one meter.

    • i joule = 0.239 Calories
    • 1 joule = ix.48 x 10-4 BTU
    • 1 joule = 2.778 10 ten-7 kWh

conversion - joule, calorie, kilowatthour - energy units

Examples of Energy of one Joule:

One joule in everyday life and science corresponds to approximately:

  • The kinetic energy of an object with mass 1 kg moving at √2 ≈ 1.4 thou/s.
  • The kinetic energy of a 50 kg object (due east.k.,, human) moving very slowly – approximately 0.72 km/h.
  • The energy required to lift a medium-size apple (100 g) 1 meter vertically from the surface of the Earth.
  • The heat required to enhance the temperature of 1 grand of water past 0.24 °C.
  • The heat required to evaporate of 0.00044 g of liquid h2o at 100°C.
  • The corporeality of electricity required to light a 1 watt LED for 1 southward.
  • Is released past approximately 3.1 ⋅ 10 10 fissions in a nuclear reactor.

Calorie (unit: cal)

Calorie (unit: cal). A calorie is a traditional unit of heat. It is function of theInternational System of Units (SI). It is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed by 1 gram of water to raise its temperature by 1 °C. Its counterpart in the British Majestic organization of units is the BTU, which is divers equally the corporeality of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water past one degree Fahrenheit. But nosotros have to distinguish between small-scale calorie and large calorie. The large calorie (unit: Cal) is divers in the kilogram rather than the gram. It is equal to grand small calories, i.e., one kilocalorie (unit of measurement: kcal).  Nutritionists use it to characterize the energy-producing potential in food.

    • ane calorie = 4.184 J
    • 1 calorie = 0.00397 BTU
    • i calorie = ane.16 x ten-6 kWh

conversion - joule, calorie, kilowatthour - energy units

British Thermal Unit (unit: BTU)

British Thermal Unit (unit: BTU).  British Thermal Unit of measurement is a traditional unit of heat. It is part of the British Regal system of units. It is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed by 1 pound of water to heighten its temperature by 1 °F at the temperature that water has its greatest density (approximately 39 degrees Fahrenheit). Its counterpart in the International Organization of Units (SI) is the calorie, defined as the amount of estrus required to enhance the temperature of 1 gram of water by one degree Celsius.

    • 1 British Thermal Unit (BTU) = 1055 J
    • i British Thermal Unit (BTU) = 252 calories
    • ane British Thermal Unit (BTU) = 0.000293 kWh

conversion - BTU, foot-pound - energy units

Pes-pound force (unit: ft.lbf)

Pes-pound force (unit of measurement: ft.lbf). Foot-pound force is a derived unit of piece of work and energy. It is equal to the energy transferred to an object when a force of one pound-force (lbf) acts on that object in the management of its motion through a altitude of one foot. The corresponding SI unit is the joule. The foot-pound is frequently used in ballistics, especially in the United States. Typically muzzle energies of bullets are given in foot-pound force.

    • 1 foot-pound strength = 1.356 J
    • one foot-pound force = 0.324 cal
    • 1 pes-pound force = 0.00129 BTU

conversion - BTU, foot-pound - energy units

Kilowatt-hour (unit: kWh)

Kilowatt-hour (unit: kWh). Kilowatt-hour is a derived unit of energy. It is used to mensurate free energy, peculiarly electrical free energy in commercial applications. One kilowatt-hr is equal to one kilowatt of ability produced or consumed over a period of one hour (kilowatts multiplied by the time in hours). Electric utilities commonly utilise the kilowatt-hour as a billing unit for energy delivered to consumers. 1kW . h = 1kW . 3600s = 3600kWs = 3600kJ = 3600000J. I kilowatt-hour corresponds to the oestrus required to evaporate one.58 kg of liquid water at 100°C. A 100-watt radio that operates for 10 hours continuously consumes i kilowatt-hr.

    • ane kWh = iii.six x 106 J
    • ane kWh = 8.6 x 105 cal
    • 1 kWh = 3412 BTU

conversion - joule, calorie, kilowatthour - energy units

Megawatt-twenty-four hours (unit: MWd)

Megawatt-day (unit: MWd).  Megawatt-day is a derived unit of energy. It is used to measure the energy produced, especially in power applied science. One megawatt-day is equal to one megawatt of power produced by a power establish over a period of one day (megawatts multiplied by the time in days). 1 MWd = 24,000 kWh. At nuclear power plants, there are besides gigawatt-days because it approximately corresponds to energy produced by power plants over a period of one mean solar day. This unit (MWd) was also used to derive the unit of fuel burnup. The about commonly used mensurate of fuel burnup is the fission free energy release per unit of measurement mass of fuel. Therefore fuel burnup of nuclear fuel commonly has units of megawatt-days per metric tonne (MWd/MTU), where tonne refers to a metric ton of uranium metal (sometimes MWd/tU HM as Heavy Metal). In this field, the megawatt-day refers to the reactor's thermal power, not the fraction converted to electricity. For case, for a typical nuclear reactor with thermal power of 3000 MWth, about ~1000MWe of electrical power is generated in the generator. For case, a reactor with 100 000 kg of fuel operating at 3000MWth power level for 1000 days would have a burnup increment of 30,000 MWd/MTU. In words of fissions, the fissioning of about 1 grand of U-235 produces about one MWd of thermal free energy (run into: Energy Release per Fission).

    • 1 MWd = 8.64 x 1010 J
    • 1 MWd = ii.06 x 1010 cal
    • i MWd = 8.19 x 107 BTU

conversion -megawattday, electronvolt - energy units

Electronvolt (unit of measurement: eV)

Electronvolt - definition
Electronvolt is equal to energy gained by a single electron when it is accelerated through i volt of electric potential difference. The piece of work done on the charge is given by the accuse times the voltage deviation, therefore the piece of work W on electron is: W = qV = (1.6 ten 10-19 C) x (1 J/C) = 1.6 x ten-nineteen J.

Electronvolt (unit: eV). Electronvolts are a traditional unit of measurement of energy, particularly in atomic and nuclear physics. An electronvolt is equal to the energy gained by a single electron when accelerated through ane volt of electric potential difference. The work done on the charge is given past the charge times the voltage divergence, therefore the work W on electron is: W = qV = (i.six 10 10-19 C) 10 (one J/C) = 1.6 10 10-19 J. Since this is a very small unit, it is more than user-friendly to use multiples of electronvolts: kilo-electronvolts (keV), mega-electronvolts (MeV), giga-electronvolts (GeV), and so on. Since Albert Einstein showed that mass and free energy are equivalent and convertible one into the other, the electronvolt is likewise a unit of mass. It is mutual in particle physics, where units of mass and energy are often interchanged, to express mass in units of eV/c2, where c is the speed of calorie-free in a vacuum (from E = mc2). For example, it tin can exist said the proton has a mass of 938.3 MeV, although strictly speaking, it should be 938.3 MeV/cii . For another instance, an electron-positron annihilation occurs when a negatively charged electron and a positively charged positron (each with a mass of 0.511 MeV/c2) collide. When an electron and a positron collide, they annihilate, resulting in the complete conversion of their rest mass to pure energy (according to the E=mc2 formula) in the grade of 2 oppositely directed 0.511 MeV gamma rays (photons).

e − + e + → γ + γ (2x 0.511 MeV)

    • 1 eV = i.603 ten 10-19 J
    • 1 eV = three.83 x 10-xx cal
    • one eV = one.52 ten 10-22 BTU

conversion -megawattday, electronvolt - energy units

Example of Energies in Electronvolts

  • Thermal neutrons are neutrons in thermal equilibrium with a surrounding medium of the temperature of 290K (17 °C or 62 °F). Most likely free energy at 17°C (62°F) for Maxwellian distribution is 0.025 eV (~2 km/s).
  • The thermal free energy of a molecule is at room temperature, about 0.04 eV.
  • Approximately one eV corresponds to an infrared photon of wavelength 1240 nm.
  • Visible light photons have energies in range 1.65 eV (red) – 3.26 eV (violet).
  • The first resonance in northward + 238U reaction is at 6.67 eV (free energy of incident neutron), which corresponds to the starting time virtual level in 239 U, which has a full width of just 0.027 eV hateful life of this state is 2.4×x-14s.
  • The ionization energy of atomic hydrogen is 13.6 eV.
  • Carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14 through beta disuse (pure beta decay). The emitted beta particles have a maximum free energy of 156 keV, while their weighted hateful free energy is 49 keV.
  • High free energy diagnostic medical ten-ray photons accept kinetic energies of about 200 keV.
  • Thallium 208, one of the nuclides in the 232U disuse chain, emits gamma rays of two.vi MeV, which are very energetic and highly penetrating.
  • The typical kinetic energy of alpha particle from radioactive disuse is about 5 MeV. It is caused past the machinery of their production.
  • The total free energy released in a reactor is about 210 MeV per 235U fission, distributed equally shown in the tabular array. In a reactor, the boilerplate recoverable free energy per fission is most 200 MeV, being the total energy minus the energy of antineutrinos that are radiated abroad.
  • Cosmic rays can have energies of 1 MeV – grand TeV.

Examples of Free energy of i Joule

I joule in everyday life and science corresponds to approximately:

  • The kinetic energy of an object with mass 1 kg moving at √2 ≈ 1.four m/s.
  • The kinetic free energy of a 50 kg object (due east.g.,, human) moving very slowly – approximately 0.72 km/h.
  • The energy required to lift a medium-size apple (100 m) 1 meter vertically from the surface of the Earth.
  • The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 one thousand of h2o by 0.24 °C.
  • The heat required to evaporate of 0.00044 g of liquid water at 100°C.
  • The corporeality of electricity required to calorie-free a 1 watt LED for one south.
  • Is released by approximately three.ane ⋅ 10 10 fissions in a nuclear reactor.

References:

Reactor Physics and Thermal Hydraulics:

  1. J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983).
  2. J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.
  3. W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1.
  4. Glasstone, Sesonske. Nuclear Reactor Applied science: Reactor Systems Engineering science, Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317
  5. Todreas Neil E., Kazimi Mujid Due south. Nuclear Systems Book I: Thermal Hydraulic Fundamentals, Second Edition. CRC Press; 2 edition, 2012, ISBN: 978-0415802871
  6. Zohuri B., McDaniel P. Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Found Systems. Springer; 2015, ISBN: 978-3-319-13419-2
  7. Moran Michal J., Shapiro Howard N. Fundamentals of Technology Thermodynamics, Fifth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN: 978-0-470-03037-0
  8. Kleinstreuer C. Modernistic Fluid Dynamics. Springer, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4020-8670-0.
  9. U.S. Section of Free energy, THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID Period. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Book ane, 2, and 3. June 1992.

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Source: https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/what-is-energy-physics/energy-units-conversion/